Golf IV / Jetta IV :: Car Overheated And Broke Down With Clanking Noises

My girlfriend's 2005 Jetta 2.0 overheated and then broke down after making some pretty awful clanking noises. Now it will not start. I'm going to be doing the repairs myself (and learning a lot along the way).

The car will not start. When I try to start it, it makes a 'whining' noise, which I'm assuming is the starter. This is not the first repair I've done on her car. She wants to get rid of it, but now that I've done so much work on it, I've grown a bit attached to it. Plus I think I can save her a bunch of money in the long run If I fix this myself. Here's where I am so far:

I removed the cover over the camshaft pulley and had a look while my SO turned the key to try to start the car. I noticed a couple things:

1. There are no teeth on the timing belt.

2. The camshaft pulley still turns, but not continuously. It turns a little then stops, and then tries again. (Engine not seized?)

I have ordered a code reader which should be here in a couple days. With that I'm hoping to check if there's a compression problem. If so, I'm under the impression that that would indicate a blown head gasket, or bent valves. I checked the oil to see if it looks milky and It still looks like regular oil.